AMiner Privacy Policy

Last Updated: July 22, 2026

We understand how important your personal information is to you, and we take the protection of your personal information seriously.

Through this Policy, we want to explain to you how we process your personal information in accordance with applicable laws and regulations when you use our AMiner Platform services.

We hope you will read this Policy carefully and, where necessary, make the choices you consider appropriate in accordance with its guidance. To help you fully understand this Policy, we have used bold text to draw your attention to provisions that have, or may have, a material bearing on your rights and interests.

Introduction and Notice

This Policy mainly explains the following to you:

[Scope of This Policy]

This Policy applies to the AMiner Platform operated by Beijing Zhipu Huazhang Technology Co., Ltd., and to any products and services offered to you in new forms as our technology develops. If any of our products or services makes use of AMiner Platform products or services but does not have its own separate privacy policy, this Policy shall also apply to that portion of the product or service. Where we have established a separate privacy policy for a specific product or service we provide to you, the corresponding privacy policy shall apply to that product or service.
Apart from the information collection and use activities described in this Policy, this Policy does not apply to other services provided to you by other third parties. Such other services are governed by the privacy policies and personal information collection and use rules that those third parties separately provide to you.

[Personal Information We Collect and System Permissions We Request]

We collect and use your personal information in order to provide basic functions such as browsing, as well as other extended functions. For certain business functions, we may also need you to enable system permissions on your device, including but not limited to the following:

Name	Purpose of Use	Usage Scenario	Platform
Photo Album	Read album contents to set a profile picture	Setting a profile picture	iOS, Android
Notifications	Receive push messages	Message push	iOS, Android

The permissions listed here are for informational purposes only and do not indicate that the above permissions have already been enabled. Where the use of our product involves the invocation of a specific permission, we will separately obtain your prior authorization and consent, and you may also manage the relevant permissions at any time based on your actual needs during subsequent use.

[How You Can Manage Your Information]

You can manage your personal information in a variety of ways, such as by accessing, copying, updating, supplementing, or deleting your personal information, or by cancelling your account. If you encounter any problems while managing your personal information, you may also contact us using the contact information below, and we will respond to your request within 15 days. Please understand, however, that we may be unable to fully satisfy your request due to our obligations under laws and regulations or the necessity of providing our services.

[Protection of Minors' Personal Information]

We have always placed great importance on, and are committed to, protecting the personal information of minors. Our products are primarily intended for adult users. If you are a minor under the age of 18, we recommend that you read this Policy together with your parent(s) or other legal guardian(s), and use our products only after obtaining the consent of your parent(s) or legal guardian(s). If you are a child under the age of 14, in addition to obtaining the prior consent of your parent(s) or legal guardian(s), you should also complete the registration process and use our services under the guidance of your parent(s) or other guardian(s), to help ensure your safety when using our services and conducting transactions.

[Contact Us]

If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions regarding this Policy, if you encounter any problems while managing your personal information, or if you have any issue you wish to complain about or report, please contact us using the following methods:

(1) For issues related to using the AMiner website or AMiner Open Data Platform, please contact report@aminer.cn;

(2) For issues related to using the Top Talent website, please contact shuai.zhen@aminer.cn;

(3) For issues related to using the Zhiyin website, please contact yuan.zhang@aminer.cn;

(4) For issues related to using the AMiner Subscription mini-program, please contact AMxiaomai via WeChat;

or contact us at the following address: 9th Floor, Sohu Internet Building, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing, Beijing Zhipu Huazhang Technology Co., Ltd. We will respond to you within 15 days. Please note that we may not respond to questions that are unrelated to this Policy or to the protection of personal information.

Beijing Zhipu Huazhang Technology Co., Ltd. (referred to as "Zhipu" or "we") provides a variety of platform services, including websites, applications, software, apps, WeChat mini-programs, and other services or platforms (collectively, "Platform Services"). We understand how important your personal information is to you, and we take the protection of your personal information seriously.

Through this Policy, we want to explain to you how we process your personal information in accordance with applicable laws and regulations when you use our AMiner Platform services.

I. Definitions and Scope of Application

(1) Definitions

AMiner Platform: refers to the AI-powered technology intelligence mining product developed and operated by Beijing Zhipu Huazhang Technology Co., Ltd., including the AMiner website and any AMiner products or services that may be offered to you in other forms in the future.

AMiner Platform Service Provider: refers to Beijing Zhipu Huazhang Technology Co., Ltd., the provider of internet information and software technology services for the AMiner Platform.

AMiner Platform Data Controller: refers to Beijing Zhipu Huazhang Technology Co., Ltd.

User: refers to any person who uses AMiner Platform products, referred to in this Policy as "you" or "User."

Personal Information: refers to all kinds of information, recorded electronically or by other means, that can identify a specific natural person, either alone or in combination with other information, or that reflects the activities of a specific natural person, excluding information that has been anonymized.

Sensitive Personal Information: refers to personal information that, once leaked or unlawfully used, may easily lead to the infringement of the personal dignity of a natural person or to harm to their personal or property safety, including biometric information, religious beliefs, specific identity information, medical and health information, financial account information, location tracking data, and similar information, as well as the personal information of minors under the age of 14. (We will conspicuously mark specific items of sensitive personal information in this Policy in bold and underlined text.)

Device Information: may include device attribute information about the terminal device you use to install or run the "AMiner" mobile application (such as your hardware model, operating system version and status, device configuration, and device identifiers including the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI), International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), network device hardware MAC address, advertising identifier (IDFA), vendor identifier (IDFV), Mobile Equipment Identifier (MEID), Anonymous Device Identifier (OAID), Integrated Circuit Card Identity (ICCID), Android ID, UAID, and hardware serial number), device connection information (such as browser type, telecom carrier, language used, Wi-Fi information, and Bluetooth information), and device status information (such as your list of installed applications and sensor data), as well as information about running applications and processes.

Deletion: refers to the act of removing personal information from the systems involved in day-to-day business functions so that it can no longer be retrieved or accessed.

Anonymization: refers to the process by which personal information is technically processed such that the subject of the personal information can no longer be identified, and the processed information cannot be restored.

Children: refers to minors under the age of 14.

Except as otherwise provided, the definitions used in this Policy have the same meanings as the corresponding definitions in the User Agreement.

(2) Scope of Application

This Policy applies to the AMiner Platform operated by Beijing Zhipu Huazhang Technology Co., Ltd., and to any products and services offered to you in new forms as our technology develops. If any of our products or services makes use of AMiner Platform products or services but does not have its own separate privacy policy, this Policy shall also apply to that portion of the product or service. Where we have established a separate privacy policy for a specific product or service we provide to you, the corresponding privacy policy shall apply to that product or service.
Apart from the information collection and use activities described in this Policy, this Policy does not apply to other services provided to you by other third parties. Such other services are governed by the privacy policies and personal information collection and use rules that those third parties separately provide to you.

II. How We Collect and Use Your Personal Information

When you use our products/services, the personal information we need or may need to collect and use falls into the following two categories:

Information you must authorize us to collect and use so that we can provide you with the basic functions of our products and/or services. If you decline to provide the relevant information, you will not be able to use our products and/or services normally.
Information you may choose whether to authorize us to collect and use so that we can provide you with additional functions of our products and/or services. If you decline to provide this information, you will not be able to use the relevant additional functions normally, or the intended functional effect may not be achieved, but this will not affect your ability to use the basic functions of our products and/or services.

We would like to specifically remind you of the following:

We are committed to building a diverse range of products and services to meet your needs. Because we offer many different types of products and services, and because different users choose to use different specific products or services, the basic/extended functions, and the corresponding types and scope of personal information collected and used, may vary. Please refer to the specific product or service function in question.
To provide you with a better product and service experience, we continually work to improve our products, services, and technology, and as a result, we may from time to time introduce new or optimized functions. We may update this Privacy Policy to inform you of the specific changes. We will not restrict or diminish the rights you enjoy under this Policy without your consent. For material changes, we will separately notify you by updating this Policy and using means such as pop-up notices or page prompts, and will obtain your consent as required by law. If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions during this process, you may contact us using the contact information at the end of this Policy, and we will respond to you as soon as possible.
Your agreement to this Policy indicates that you understand the functions provided by the product and the personal information necessary for those functions to operate, and that you grant the corresponding authorization for its collection and use. It does not, however, mean that you have separately consented to the activation of related additional functions or to the processing of sensitive personal information; we will separately seek your consent based on your actual use of the product.
The corresponding device permissions are not enabled by default. Where a device permission is involved, we will separately obtain your consent again via a pop-up notice when you use the relevant function; once a permission has been enabled, you may disable it at any time through your device settings. If you decline to enable a permission, this will not affect your normal use of other unrelated functions.

(1) How We Collect Your Personal Information

We provide you with the following specific functional scenarios:

Helping You Become Our User

Account Registration and Login: If you have not registered, clicking the "Log In" button on the login screen shall be deemed your authorization for the system to automatically create a new account for you. To create an AMiner Platform account, you need to provide us with your mobile phone number/email address, verification code, and login password. If you decline to provide the above information, you will not be able to register an AMiner Platform account or use our products and services. After you successfully register an AMiner account, we will assign you a random string of characters as your account name, which will also serve as your nickname. If you need to change your nickname, you may do so through the process described in Section V, "How You Can Manage Your Information," of this Policy. To facilitate unified management of accounts across AMiner platforms, we will generate a user UID once you complete login and share it across AMiner Platform products.

If you log in using a third-party platform account (such as WeChat or a partner-institution verified account), you need to authorize us to obtain relevant information under that third-party account (including your WeChat nickname, profile picture, unique identifier, and WeChat version number) for the purposes of linking it to your AMiner Platform account, completing your account information, safeguarding your account security, and preventing security risks. If you decline to authorize the above information, you will be unable to log in to the AMiner Platform using that third-party account, but you may complete registration/login through other means.

You may provide us with your profile picture, first name, last name, nickname, gender, position, discipline, and affiliated institution to complete your basic profile. If you do not provide the above information, this will not affect your use of our products and services.

You may provide us with your email address and WeChat account to link your account. Once your account is linked, you may log in using your email address or WeChat, and you authorize us to send research updates to your email address; you may click the "unsubscribe" button in the email to opt out of receiving this type of content. If you do not provide the above information, you will be unable to log in using email/WeChat, but this will not affect your use of our products.

When you apply, as an institutional user, to use the "Top Talent" service, we need you to provide your mobile phone number and nickname in order to activate an account for you.

Search and Conversation Services

We offer a wide range of intelligent conversation and search services, including AI Search, AI Chat, AI Reading, AI Writing Assistance, AMiner Deep Thinking, CiteOne, and AI Comprehensive Q&A. When you use these services, you provide us with text conversation information, document information, and other input information (collectively, "Input Information"), and we generate a Q&A conversation or text based on the information you provide (the "Generated Content"). We will show you your conversation history, and you may also view analytical reports, technology briefings, and literature reviews you have generated via "My – Academic Center – Reports/Briefings."

Subscriptions, Favorites, and Follows

To make it easier for you to use this product, you may subscribe to, favorite, or follow papers and institutions that interest you. We will record your subscription, favorite, and follow information in order to push relevant papers to you or make it easier for you to independently manage content of interest.

Content Usage and Browsing History

To make it easier for you to view your past browsing history, we will record data on the web pages you visit, as well as information related to the papers, journals, research projects, websites, and media content (such as videos, audio, and applications) that you access through our platform services.

Completing Transactions and Orders

To help you complete order transactions, we will collect your payment transaction number, order number, actual amount paid for the order, payment time, and payment status.

Issuing Invoices

When you use the invoicing feature, in order to meet tax requirements, you need to provide real-name identity information (including your name, national ID number, and phone number), as well as other information required for invoicing: order information (account, order number, payment time, order amount), the email address to which the invoice should be sent, and invoicing information (the name of the invoicing company, taxpayer identification number, registered address, phone number, bank of deposit, bank account number, invoice content, and invoice type (electronic or paper)). If you decline to provide the above information, we will be unable to issue an invoice to you.

Providing You With "Plugin" Functionality

You may download and install a browser "plugin" from our official website according to your needs. Based on the web page you are currently visiting, or a sub-page you specify, the plugin provides you with functions such as Q&A conversations, content summarization, and advanced search. In this scenario, we need to retain the URL, browser, and device information used when you use the plugin.

Secure Operation and Risk-Control Analysis

To ensure the secure operation of the product, we will collect the following information about you: your name, mobile phone number, IP address, device model, operating system, browser type, screen resolution, browsing history, click stream, page dwell time, search records, login credentials (username/password), and linked social accounts (such as WeChat).

Personalized Recommendation Services

(1) How the recommendation algorithm works: In order to show and recommend to you academic papers that are more relevant to you and provide services that better match your needs, we collect your browsing, likes, negative feedback, follows, comments, searches, and downloads, and use algorithmic models to calculate and estimate your preferences in order to match you with academic papers that may interest you. We adjust and optimize the recommendation results in real time based on your browsing and usage behavior while using the product.

(2) Managing recommendation services: If you do not wish to receive personalized content recommendations, you may disable the personalized recommendation function via [Homepage – Avatar – Personal Account – Personalized Recommendations]. Once you disable personalized recommendations, we will not process your personal information for personalized recommendation purposes, and will instead push only general content unrelated to your preferences. You may also add or remove your preference tags via [Homepage – Recommendations – Manage].

Customer Service and Dispute Resolution

If you encounter a problem or have a relevant need while using AMiner Platform products and services, you are welcome to contact us using the methods set out in Section VIII, "Other," of this Policy. Please briefly describe your question or request, and we will process it and provide assistance as soon as possible. To safeguard your account security and rights and interests, we may, where necessary, ask you to provide necessary identity information (such as your email address, mobile phone number, or account name) to verify your true identity. We undertake to use this information solely to confirm your identity and address your issue, and not for any other purpose. If identity verification cannot be completed, this may affect the speed of our response; we appreciate your understanding.

(2) How We Use Your Personal Information

Where required by laws and regulations, or based on the relevant terms of service and usage rules of the Platform Services, we use your personal information for the following purposes:

Providing Platform Services. We use data to operate our Platform Services and to provide you with a rich, interactive experience. For example, if you enter a search query in our search engine, we use that query to display search results to you.
Improving Platform Services. We use data to continually improve our Platform Services, including by providing more accurate search results and recommendations and by adding new features or functions.
Developing Platform Services. We use data to develop new Platform Services. For example, we use data that has generally had identifying information removed to better understand our customers' usage needs, which may inform the development of new Platform Services.
Customer Support. We use data to troubleshoot and diagnose problems with the Platform Services, service customers' devices, and provide other care and support services, including assisting in the provision of Platform Services, improving and ensuring the quality of Platform Services and training, and investigating security incidents.
Assisting With Protection and Troubleshooting. We use data to assist in protecting the Platform Services and troubleshooting issues.
Security. We use data to protect our Platform Services and the safety of our customers.
Updates. We use the data we collect to develop updates and security patches for the Platform Services. Updates and patches are designed to maximize your experience using our Platform Services, help protect the privacy and security of data, and provide new features.
Recommendations. We may use collected data to provide recommendations regarding papers, technology conferences, research projects, and similar content, and to invite you to submit papers or participate in research conferences, activities, or projects. You may subscribe by email to recommended content and choose whether to receive our recommendations by email; if you wish to unsubscribe, you may click the unsubscribe button in the relevant email.
Journal Recommendations. We recommend literature, journals, and similar content that may interest you based on the scholars and journals you subscribe to while using the product, as well as keywords of interest that you have actively selected.
Conducting Business Transactions. We use data to carry out transactions between you and us.
Reporting and Business Operations. We may use data to analyze our operations, enabling us to provide you with smarter Platform Services.
Research. We use data for research in the public interest and for scientific purposes, while protecting individuals' rights and freedoms through appropriate technical and organizational measures. For example, we use such data for analysis to produce industry insight reports or white papers that do not contain any personal information, to promote industry exchange, technological progress, and market outreach.

Special reminder: When you actively share or upload personal information to a publicly accessible area while using our Platform Services, that information may be read, collected, and used by any third party. Please carefully consider whether the content you publish and disseminate through our Platform Services contains your personal information.

(3) Other Rules on the Collection and Use of Personal Information

If the information you provide contains another user's personal information, you must ensure that you have obtained lawful authorization before providing such personal information to us. You must not provide another person's personal information without authorization.
If you are a researcher, scholar, or hold a similar identity, we may collect your personal information from public sources, such as your affiliated institution, research field, journal articles, patent records, or funding information. We use this information on the platform to ensure the accuracy of your personal information and to improve the coverage, discoverability, and comprehensibility of research content. If you have any questions about the above information, you may contact us using the contact information provided in this document.
If we indirectly obtain your information from a third party, we will, before collection, expressly require that third party in writing to explain the source of your personal information and whether it has obtained your lawful authorization and consent for its collection, processing, and provision of your personal information to us. Except as expressly permitted by law, we will only collect your personal information from a third party after confirming that the third party has obtained your authorization and consent; if the scope of the third party's authorization does not cover our purposes of processing and use, we will require that third party to obtain your consent before we further process your personal information. In addition, our dedicated security team applies security-hardening measures to personal information (including reporting of sensitive information, encrypted storage of sensitive information, and access control), and we protect personal information obtained indirectly using protective measures no less rigorous than those we apply to our own users' personal information.
Exceptions to Obtaining Authorization and Consent

Under applicable laws and regulations, we may collect and use your personal information without your authorization and consent in the following circumstances:

(1) Where necessary for entering into or performing a contract to which you are a party;

(2) Where necessary for the performance of statutory duties or statutory obligations;

(3) Where necessary to respond to a public health emergency, or where necessary in an emergency to protect the life, health, or property of a natural person;

(4) Where personal information that you have disclosed yourself, or that has otherwise been lawfully made public, is processed within a reasonable scope in accordance with law;

(5) Other circumstances provided for by laws or administrative regulations.

Please note that, under applicable law, where we process personal information using technical measures and other necessary measures such that the data recipient cannot re-identify a specific individual and the data cannot be restored, or where we conduct anonymized research, statistical analysis, and forecasting using collected information to improve the content and layout of AMiner, support business decision-making for products or services, and improve our products and services (including using anonymized data to train machine learning or algorithmic models), such data, once processed, is no longer considered personal information under applicable laws and regulations, and therefore no further consent from you is required for the use of such processed data.

If we cease operating our products or services, we will promptly stop collecting your personal information, notify you of the cessation of operations individually or by public announcement, and delete or anonymize the personal information we hold that relates to the discontinued business. Where children's personal information is involved, we will promptly notify the child's guardian of the cessation of operations.

(4) How We Use Cookies

Cookies are small text files placed on a device to store data, which can be called upon by the web server that placed them in the relevant domain. Such data typically contains a string of numbers and letters that uniquely identifies your computer, but may also contain other information. The use of cookies helps personalize your online experience; you may accept or decline cookies. Most web browsers accept cookies automatically, but you can generally modify your settings to decline cookies as needed.

Many of our websites and applications also contain cookies or other similar technologies. In such cases, we collect and store useful information so that we can recognize you when you visit our website again. Cookies from this website or application can only be read by this website or application. If your browser is set to decline cookies, you will still be able to access most pages of this website. We use cookies and similar technologies to achieve a number of goals, depending on the context or Platform Service, including:

Storing your preferences and settings. We use cookies to store your preferences and settings on your device and to enhance your experience.
Login and authentication. We use cookies to verify your identity. When you log in to the website using your account, we store a unique ID number and login time in an encrypted cookie on your device. Using this cookie, you can move directly from one page to another on the site without having to log in again on each page. You may also save your login information so that you do not need to log in each time you return to the site.
Security. We use cookies to process information that helps us protect our Platform Services and detect fraud and abuse.
Storing information you provide to the website. We use cookies to remember information you share.
Feedback. We use cookies to enable you to provide feedback on the website.
Analytics. We use cookies and other identifiers to collect usage and performance data. For example, we may use cookies to count the number of unique visitors to a web page or service, and to develop other statistics regarding the operation of our Platform Services.
Performance. We use cookies to understand and improve the performance of our Platform Services. For example, we use cookies to collect data that helps with load balancing, which helps us keep the website running normally.

You can adjust your choices by clicking "Manage Cookies" in the website footer or through the available settings on the website. Some functions of the Platform Services rely on cookies; if you choose to block cookies, you will be unable to log in or use certain functions, and preferences that rely on cookies will be lost. If you choose to delete cookies, all settings and preferences controlled by those cookies will be deleted and will need to be recreated.

In principle, we will not share, transfer, or publicly disclose your personal information to other companies, organizations, or individuals. If we engage in such activities, we will update this Policy in accordance with its relevant provisions and obtain your consent as required by law. The following circumstances are exceptions:

(1) Sharing

We share your personal data after obtaining your consent, or where necessary to complete certain transactions or to provide Platform Services you have requested or authorized. For example, you may tell us that we may share your information with a third party, or you may actively upload and make your personal data public through the platform.
We may disclose your personal information externally in accordance with laws and regulations, or in response to mandatory requirements from competent government authorities.
To enable the implementation of certain standalone functions and let you use and enjoy more services and functions, we may integrate third-party SDKs or services into our products. We conduct strict security monitoring of such third parties that obtain personal information, requiring them to process personal information in accordance with this Policy and other applicable confidentiality and security measures, in order to protect data security. For details of the third-party SDKs or services we integrate that relate to the processing of personal information, please see the Third-Party SDK/API Information-Sharing List below.

Third-Party Product	Partner	Purpose of Sharing	Sharing Scenario	Sharing Method	Information Types	Privacy Policy URL
Alipay Payments	Alipay (China) Network Technology Co., Ltd.	Enable Alipay payments	Used when a user pays with Alipay	Server-side backend API transmission	Order number, transaction amount, paid-service description	https://opendocs.alipay.com/open/54/103419
Airwallex	Airwallex Pty Ltd	Enable payments via Airwallex	Used when a user pays via an Airwallex method	Server-side backend API transmission	Order number, transaction amount, paid-service description, payment-channel transaction identifier	https://www.airwallex.com/global/terms/privacy-policy#scope-of-policy

Please note that some of our Platform Services contain links to, or provide, third-party platform services whose privacy policies differ from ours. If you provide personal data to any of these platform services, your data will be subject to their privacy policies.

(2) Transfer

We will not transfer your personal information to any company, organization, or individual, except in the case of a merger, acquisition, or bankruptcy liquidation. If a transfer of personal information is involved, we will require the new company or organization holding your personal information to remain bound by this Policy; otherwise, we will require that company or organization to seek your authorization and consent afresh.

(3) Public Disclosure

We have the right to publicly disclose your information, after adopting information security safeguards that meet industry standards, when any of the following occurs:

(1) We disclose information you have specified in a manner to which you have expressly consented, based on your needs;

(2) We publicly disclose your information as mandatorily required by laws, regulations, or administrative or judicial authorities. Where legally permissible, we will conduct as careful a review as possible when we receive such disclosure requests.

(4) Exceptions to Obtaining Prior Authorization and Consent When Sharing, Transferring, or Publicly Disclosing Personal Information

Under applicable laws and regulations, we may share, transfer, or publicly disclose your personal information without obtaining your prior authorization and consent in the following circumstances:

(1) Where necessary for entering into or performing a contract to which you are a party, or where necessary for human resources management carried out in accordance with lawfully formulated labor rules and regulations and lawfully executed collective contracts;

(2) Where necessary for the performance of statutory duties or statutory obligations;

(3) Where necessary to respond to a public health emergency, or where necessary in an emergency to protect the life, health, or property of a natural person;

(4) Where personal information that you have disclosed yourself, or that has otherwise been lawfully made public, is processed within a reasonable scope in accordance with law;

(5) Other circumstances provided for by laws or administrative regulations.

Please note that, under applicable law, where we process personal information using technical measures and other necessary measures such that the data recipient cannot re-identify a specific individual and the data cannot be restored, no further consent from you is required to share, transfer, or publicly disclose such processed data.

IV. How We Protect and Retain Your Personal Information

(1) We will take all reasonable and feasible measures to ensure that we do not collect irrelevant personal information. We will only retain your personal information for the period necessary to achieve the purposes described in this Policy, except where laws and regulations provide otherwise for the retention period, where you have agreed to a longer retention period, where it is necessary to ensure the safety and quality of the service, where it is necessary for the purposes of dispute resolution, where it is technically difficult to comply, or under other circumstances permitted by laws and regulations — in which cases, once the aforementioned retention period expires, we will extend the retention period in accordance with law, agreement, or within a reasonable scope. Once the retention period has expired, we will delete or anonymize your personal information in accordance with law.

(2) In principle, personal information we collect and generate within the People's Republic of China will be stored within the People's Republic of China. If your personal information may be transferred to, or accessed from, an overseas jurisdiction outside the country/region in which you use our product or service, we will strictly perform our obligations under applicable laws and regulations and, as required by law, obtain your separate prior consent. Such jurisdictions may have different data protection laws, or may have no such laws at all. In such cases, we will transfer your personal information in accordance with current Chinese law and will ensure that your personal information receives a level of protection within the People's Republic of China that is essentially equivalent.

(3) We comply with applicable laws, regulations, national policies, and national standards, and we collect data using security standards no lower than those generally adopted in the industry, and protect the security, confidentiality, and availability of the data we collect using encryption, anonymization, and other safe and reliable means no less rigorous than those used by our industry peers.

(4) We employ a variety of security technologies and procedures to help protect your personal data from unauthorized access, use, or disclosure. For example, we store your personal data on computer systems located in controlled facilities and restrict access to those systems.

(5) In addition to the access-control system established within our information systems, we require our employees to sign strict confidentiality agreements and strengthen internal management through a uniformly implemented data security management system.

(6) The internet is not an absolutely secure environment, and communications by email, instant messaging, and other means with other users of this website are not encrypted. We strongly recommend that you do not send personal information through such channels. Please use a strong password to help us keep your account secure.

(7) If our physical, technical, or managerial safeguards are compromised, resulting in unauthorized access to, public disclosure of, tampering with, or loss of your information, thereby harming your lawful rights and interests, we will cooperate with you in pursuing the legal liability of the relevant party.

(8) In the unfortunate event of a personal information security incident, we will, in accordance with legal requirements, promptly inform you of: the basic circumstances and possible impact of the security incident; the remedial measures we have taken or will take; recommendations for steps you can take on your own to prevent and reduce risk; and the remedies available to you. We will promptly inform you of matters related to the incident by email, letter, telephone, push notification, or other means; where it is difficult to notify data subjects individually, we will issue a public announcement using reasonable and effective means. We will also proactively report on the handling of personal information security incidents as required by regulatory authorities.

V. How You Can Manage Your Information

Whenever you use AMiner Platform products, we will do everything we can to ensure you can smoothly access your account information. If any of this information is incorrect, we will make efforts to provide various means for you to quickly update or delete information within your account (unless we are required to retain such information for legal or regulatory reasons). In accordance with law and common practice, and to give you sufficient ability to safeguard your privacy and security, you may exercise the following rights by contacting us using the contact information provided in this Privacy Policy (for issues related to using the AMiner website or AMiner Open Data Platform, please contact report@aminer.cn; for issues related to using the Top Talent website, please contact shuai.zhen@aminer.cn; for issues related to using the Zhiyin website, please contact yuan.zhang@aminer.cn; for issues related to using the AMiner Subscription mini-program, please contact AMxiaomai via WeChat):

(1) Accessing, Copying, Correcting, and Supplementing Your Personal Information

If, while using the AMiner website, you need to access, correct, or supplement the basic information in your personal account, you may click "Avatar – Personal Account" to do so. Copying your basic personal information on the AMiner website, as well as accessing, copying, correcting, or supplementing other information, can be managed using the contact information provided in this Privacy Policy.

(2) Deleting Your Personal Information

After you, or we on your behalf, delete relevant information, due to security-related technical limitations, we may not be able to immediately delete the corresponding information from our backup systems. We will securely store your personal information and restrict any further processing of it until the backup data can be cleared or anonymized. If the personal information you request to delete is subject to a statutory minimum retention period, we will delete or anonymize it as soon as possible after the expiration of the applicable statutory retention period.

(3) Withdrawing the Scope of Your Authorization and Consent

Once you withdraw your authorization, we will no longer process the corresponding personal information. However, your decision to withdraw authorization will not affect any personal information processing activities we previously carried out based on your prior authorization.

(4) Cancelling Your Account

You can cancel your account on the AMiner website by clicking your avatar, then "Personal Account," locating the "Cancel Account" option, and clicking the "Cancel" button. After you voluntarily cancel your account, we will stop providing you with products or services and will delete or anonymize your personal information as required by applicable law. If this cannot be completed immediately due to technical limitations, we will immediately cease all processing other than storage and necessary security protection. If the personal information in your account is subject to a statutory minimum retention period, we will delete or anonymize it as soon as possible after the expiration of the applicable statutory retention period.

Based on the interconnected nature of our business operations and the need for unified back-end data management, and in order to ensure user data security, privacy protection, and account consistency, and to avoid the potential risks arising from residual data left on related products, the AMiner Platform uses unified account management. After you cancel your account, products and services under the AMiner Platform will no longer be usable.

(5) Responding to Your Requests Above

To ensure security, when you submit a written request to us, we will take appropriate steps to verify your identity and confirm your request. We will respond to the requests described above within 15 days. We may decline requests that are unfounded and repetitive, that would require excessive technical measures (for example, developing a new system or fundamentally changing our current practices), that would pose a risk to the lawful rights and interests of others, that relate to information not directly connected to your identity, that are repeated without reasonable justification, or that are otherwise highly impractical.

In principle, we do not charge a fee for your reasonable requests, but we may charge a reasonable fee at our discretion for repeated requests that exceed a reasonable limit.

In the following circumstances, in accordance with legal requirements, we will be unable to respond to your request:

Where related to our performance of obligations under laws and regulations;
Where directly related to national security or national defense security;
Where directly related to public security, public health, or major public interests;
Where directly related to criminal investigation, prosecution, trial, or enforcement of judgments;
Where there is sufficient evidence that the personal information subject has acted in subjective bad faith or has abused their rights;
Where necessary to protect the life, property, or other major lawful rights and interests of the personal information subject or another individual, but it is difficult to obtain that person's authorization and consent;
Where responding to your request would cause serious harm to the lawful rights and interests of you or another individual or organization;
Where trade secrets are involved.

VI. Terms Applicable to Minors

We have always placed great importance on, and are committed to, protecting the personal information of minors. Our products are primarily intended for adult users.

If you are a minor under the age of 18, we recommend that you read this Policy together with your parent(s) or other legal guardian(s), and use our products only after obtaining the consent of your parent(s) or legal guardian(s).

If you are a child under the age of 14, in addition to obtaining the prior consent of your parent(s) or legal guardian(s), we recommend that you complete the registration process and use our services under the guidance of your parent(s) or other legal guardian(s), to help ensure your safety when using our services and conducting transactions.

VII. How This Policy Is Updated

Our services and technology are continually updated and optimized to meet the needs of you and other users. Accordingly, when new services and business processes are introduced, we may update this Privacy Policy to inform you of the specific changes. However, we will not restrict the rights you are entitled to under this Policy without your express consent.

For material changes, we will also provide a more prominent notice (including by public announcement or by providing you with a pop-up notice).

Material changes referred to in this Policy include, but are not limited to:

A material change in our service model, such as the purpose of processing personal information, the types of personal information processed, or the manner in which personal information is used;
A material change relating to our control, such as a change in the controller of information resulting from a merger, reorganization, or similar event;
A change in the primary parties with whom personal information is shared, transferred, or publicly disclosed;
A material change in the rights you have regarding the processing of personal information and how those rights may be exercised;
A change in the department responsible for personal information protection, its contact information, or its complaint channels.

VIII. Other

(1) For issues related to using the AMiner website or AMiner Open Data Platform, please contact report@aminer.cn;

(2) For issues related to using the Top Talent website, please contact shuai.zhen@aminer.cn;

(3) For issues related to using the Zhiyin website, please contact yuan.zhang@aminer.cn;

(4) For issues related to using the AMiner Subscription mini-program, please contact AMxiaomai via WeChat;

or contact us at the following address: 9th Floor, Sohu Internet Building, Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing. We will respond to you within 15 days. Please note that we may not respond to questions that are unrelated to this Policy or to the protection of personal information.

If you are not satisfied with our response — in particular, if you believe our handling of personal information has harmed your lawful rights and interests — the matter should first be resolved through friendly negotiation. If negotiation is unsuccessful, you agree that the dispute shall be resolved by filing a lawsuit with a court having jurisdiction over the location of Beijing Zhipu Huazhang Technology Co., Ltd. Any disputes, claims, or other matters arising from or related to the effectiveness, performance, or interpretation of this Policy, or the use of our products or services, shall be governed by the laws of the People's Republic of China (for the purposes of this Policy, excluding the laws of the Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan regions).

Introduction and Notice​

I. Definitions and Scope of Application​

II. How We Collect and Use Your Personal Information​

III. How We Share, Transfer, and Publicly Disclose Your Personal Information​

IV. How We Protect and Retain Your Personal Information​

V. How You Can Manage Your Information​

VI. Terms Applicable to Minors​

VII. How This Policy Is Updated​

VIII. Other​